These observations are not consistent with previous reports that subanesthetic doses of ketamine have acute and potent antidepressant effects in humans and animal models. Our results suggest that the depressivelike behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress was not completely reverted by single dose ketamine injection.

Suspension test scores of stressed animals were worse than controls, but ketamine improved the test performances of animals. Noĭifference was observed in the open field test and sucrose consumption of animals was also similar following ketamine injections. However, ketamine injection did not alter the immobility time of stressed animals in the forced swim test.

Swim test suggesting that the stress paradigm induced higher levels of blood corticosterone and a depressionlike phenotype. Animals subjected to stress had significantly higher adrenal to body weight ratios, and displayed decreased immobility in the forced Following intracardiac perfusion, body, brain and adrenal weights were measured. Next day, rats were tested for behavioral effects in the forced swim, sucrose preference, open field and suspension tests. After the final stressor, half of the rats from each treatment and control group received an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (10 mg/kg), while others receiving equal volume of saline injections. Control rats were handled daily during the same period. Adult male SpragueDawley rats (n=12) were subjected daily to a random pattern of unpredictable mild stressors for 28 days. investigated the behavioral effects of single ketamine injection in chronically stressed animals. Chronic unpredictable stress is an animal model mimicking the stressful events that may precipitate clinical depression in humans. Effects of a single dose of ketamine may start within hours and sustain for up to 2 weeks. NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine has been associated with rapid and effective antidepressant effects in patients with treatmentresistant major depression. Conclusion: A single-dose ketamine treatment might differentially affect the depressive-like behaviors of juvenile animals exposed to prenatal stress and activate neurons in the medial prefrontal cortical region in a gender-dependent manner. Two-way ANOVA test results showed significant differences among groups and a group X gender interaction in the density of c-Fos expressing neurons present in the medial prefrontal cortex.

Results: Although the active coping and depressive-like behavior of juvenile animals exposed to prenatal stress did not significantly change, ketamine application caused alterations in the sucrose preference pattern of animals and immobility time in the forced swim test. Then, immediate gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex was evaluated by c-Fos immunohistochemistry. After completion of behavioral tests (sucrose preference, modified grip and forced swim), animals were sacrificed via intracardiac perfusion. While treatment group received a single-dose (10 mg/kg) of intraperitoneal ketamine injection, control and stress groups received same amount of saline injections at P38. Methods: Prenatal stress protocol was applied by immobilization of pregnant rats during the last week of their gestation for 3 hours a day. investigate the behavioral and structural consequences of single-dose ketamine application in juvenile rats exposed to prenatal stress. Therefore, aim of the present study was to. Ketamine’s rapid and sustained actions have also been demonstrated in normal or chronically stressed animals, but no experimental studies have examined its effects in prenatally stressed rodents. Objectives: Subanesthetic dose of ketamine administration produces antidepressant-like response especially in treatmentresistant depression patients.

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